The number of species of sharks and rays on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will increase based on the findings of a three day expert workshop, hosted by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), examining the conservation status of the species in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Workshop results confirm the widely accepted notion that slow growing sharks and rays are exceptionally vulnerable to overfishing, and that deep-water species are being depleted at an alarming rate. In addition, some formerly important commercial species are now so rare that they are no longer being sought by fishermen, but their risk of extinction is still rising because of continued incidental capture in fisheries for more abundant species. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of shark fisheries management in European waters.
Dr Malcolm Vincent, JNCC's Director of Science, opened the workshop, and noted the Committee's belief that "sharks and rays are amongst the most threatened animal groups in The UK today. I welcome the development of a Red List baseline, against which to monitor the hoped-for changes in their status that should arise from increased awareness of their plight."
Nearly 100 species of sharks and rays were evaluated in terms of the IUCN Red List criteria at the workshop. Categories range from "Extinct" to "Least Concern" and "Data Deficient;" species deemed "Vulnerable," "Endangered" or "Critically Endangered" are considered threatened with extinction and are added to the global Red List. The IUCN Shark Specialist Group, which convened the meeting, will compile these assessments for a regional report that will include recommendations for conservation action.
Proposed additions to the Red List include three species of angel sharks, two species of skates, and several species of deepwater sharks, all of which are considered "Critically Endangered" in the region, as well as two species of coastal ray, now considered "Endangered." The species found to be at lowest risk were generally small and fast growing coastal species, like cuckoo ray and lesser-spotted catshark, and very deep ocean species that are currently still beyond the reach of today's fishing fleets.
Angel sharks, formerly abundant large coastal sharks, were once a common sight in fish-markets, but have largely vanished, almost unnoticed, from the European seas that are their world stronghold.
"Now officially declared extinct in the North Sea by ICES, Europe's fisheries advisers, the angel shark was nominated in 2001 for strict legal protection in British waters, but we are still waiting for government action on this proposal," sighed Sarah Fowler, Co-Chair of the Shark Specialist Group "Indeed, workshop participants emphasised the urgency of protecting this and many other imperilled species."
Three species of deepwater sharks, taken as incidental catch in fisheries and increasingly targeted for their meat and rich liver oil, were assessed as threatened. A population decline of 80-95% prompted a "Critically Endangered" classification for the region's deep-water gulper shark. "These exceptionally slow growing sharks are simply not biologically equipped to withstand such intense fishing pressure," remarked Tom Blasdale, Marine Species Adviser at the JNCC. "We welcome recent European Union action to manage deep-water gillnet fisheries, but similar measures are still urgently needed to protect deep-water sharks taken by trawls and longlines".
The shortfin mako shark, a favourite target of commercial and recreational fishermen around the world, was proposed as Vulnerable in the Northeast Atlantic and Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea.
"This wide-ranging species is increasingly the target of fisheries and yet lacks any type of protective measures in this region," warned Alen Soldo of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Croatia. "Of particular concern are mako sharks in the Mediterranean, where our findings revealed ongoing fishing pressure well beyond the reproductive capacity of the species."
In contrast to similar workshops held in North America, South Africa, and Australia, the workshop yielded little if any good news, due largely to the lack of shark and ray conservation measures in this region. Protection is granted by just a handful of European countries for the three largest species (basking shark, devil ray, and great white shark). The few European shark and ray quotas in place are routinely set far in excess of actual catches and therefore do not limit fishing pressure. They also cover only part of these stocks. Scientists' advice for zero catch of many depleted shark and ray species has been ignored. There are no international limits on shark catch, even as fisheries for wide ranging shark species (such as mako and blue sharks) expand and evidence of their declines mounts.
Scientists from government agencies, universities, and private institutions participated in the workshop; these include the authors of published papers on shark and skate population status and the experts who develop advice on shark quotas for European and international fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic. In total, 27 experts from England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and the USA took part in the landmark meeting.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world's most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. The workshop was the eighth in a global series to assess all of the world's shark and ray species and develop regional conservation priorities. Resulting Red List proposals are preliminary until accepted by the Global Shark Specialist Group Network.
The workshop was sponsored by Defra, JNCC, Environment and Heritage Service Northern Ireland, Department of Environment Northern Ireland, The Deep, National Marine Aquarium and Blue Planet Aquarium.
